Explanations for the calculator of annual thermal energy consumption for heating and ventilation.

Initial data for calculation:

• Main characteristics of the climate where the house is located:
  • Average outside air temperature during the heating period t o.p;
  • Duration of the heating season: this is the period of the year with an average daily outside air temperature of no more than +8°C - z o.p.
• The main characteristic of the climate inside the house: estimated internal air temperature t b.r., °C
• The main thermal characteristics of the house: specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation, related to the degree-day of the heating period, Wh/(m2 °C day).

Climate characteristics.

Climate parameters for calculating heating during the cold period for different cities of Russia can be found here: (Climatology map) or in SP 131.13330.2012 “SNiP 23-01–99* “Building climatology”. Updated edition"
For example, parameters for calculating heating for Moscow ( Parameters B) such:

• Average outside air temperature during the heating period: -2.2 °C
• Duration of the heating period: 205 days. (for a period with an average daily outside air temperature of no more than +8°C).

Indoor air temperature.

You can set your own calculated internal air temperature, or you can take it from the standards (see the table in Figure 2 or in the Table 1 tab).

The calculations use the value D d - degree-day of the heating period (DHD), °С×day. In Russia, the GSOP value is numerically equal to the product of the difference in the average daily outside air temperature during the heating period (OP) t o.p and calculated internal air temperature in the building t v.r for the duration of the OP in days: D d = ( t o.p – t v.r) z o.p.

Specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation

Standardized values.

Specific thermal energy consumption for heating residential and public buildings during the heating period should not exceed the values ​​​​given in the table according to SNiP 02/23/2003. Data can be taken from the table in picture 3 or calculated on the Table 2 tab(revised version from [L.1]). Using it, select the specific annual consumption value for your house (area/number of floors) and insert it into the calculator. This is a characteristic of the thermal qualities of the house. All residential buildings under construction for permanent residence must meet this requirement. The basic and standard specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation, standardized by year of construction, is based on draft order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation “On approval of energy efficiency requirements for buildings, structures, structures”, which specifies the requirements for basic characteristics (draft dated 2009), for characteristics standardized from the moment of approval of the order (conditionally designated N.2015) and from 2016 (N.2016).

Estimated value.

This value of specific thermal energy consumption can be indicated in the house design, it can be calculated based on the house design, its size can be estimated based on real thermal measurements or the amount of energy consumed per year for heating. If this value is indicated in Wh/m2 , then it must be divided by GSOP in °C day, the resulting value should be compared with the normalized value for a house with a similar number of floors and area. If it is less than the standardized value, then the house meets the requirements for thermal protection; if not, then the house should be insulated.

Your numbers.

The values ​​of the initial data for the calculation are given as an example. You can insert your values ​​into the fields with a yellow background. Insert reference or calculation data into the fields on a pink background.

What can the calculation results say?

Specific annual heat energy consumption, kWh/m2 - can be used to estimate , the required amount of fuel per year for heating and ventilation. Based on the amount of fuel, you can select the capacity of the tank (storage) for fuel and the frequency of its replenishment.

Annual thermal energy consumption, kWh is the absolute value of energy consumed per year for heating and ventilation. By changing the values ​​of the internal temperature, you can see how this value changes, evaluate the savings or waste of energy from changing the temperature maintained inside the house, and see how the inaccuracy of the thermostat affects energy consumption. This will look especially clear in terms of rubles.

Degree-days of the heating season,°C day - characterize external and internal climatic conditions. By dividing the specific annual heat energy consumption kWh/m2 by this number, you will receive a standardized characteristic of the thermal properties of a house, untied from climatic conditions (this can help in choosing a house design and thermal insulating materials).

On the accuracy of calculations.

Certain climate changes are occurring on the territory of the Russian Federation. A study of climate evolution has shown that we are currently experiencing a period of global warming. According to the assessment report of Roshydromet, the climate of Russia has changed more (by 0.76 °C) than the climate of the Earth as a whole, and the most significant changes have occurred in the European territory of our country. In Fig. Figure 4 shows that the increase in air temperature in Moscow over the period 1950–2010 occurred in all seasons. It was most significant during the cold period (0.67 °C over 10 years). [L.2]

The main characteristics of the heating period are the average temperature of the heating season, °C, and the duration of this period. Naturally, their real value changes every year and, therefore, calculations of the annual thermal energy consumption for heating and ventilation of houses are only an estimate of the real annual thermal energy consumption. The results of this calculation allow compare .

Application:

Literature:

• 1. Clarification of the tables of basic and standardized energy efficiency indicators for residential and public buildings by year of construction
  V. I. Livchak, Ph.D. tech. sciences, independent expert
• 2. New SP 131.13330.2012 “SNiP 23-01–99* “Building climatology”. Updated edition"
  N. P. Umnyakova, Ph.D. tech. Sciences, Deputy Director for Scientific Work of NIISF RAASN

The procedure for calculating heating in a residential building depends on the availability of metering devices and on the way in which the house is equipped with them. There are several options for equipping multi-apartment residential buildings with meters, and according to which thermal energy is calculated:

1. the presence of a common building meter, while apartments and non-residential premises are not equipped with metering devices.
2. Heating costs are controlled by a common house meter, and all or some rooms are equipped with metering devices.
3. There is no general device for recording the consumption and consumption of thermal energy.

Before calculating the number of gigacalories spent, it is necessary to find out the presence or absence of controllers in the house and in each individual room, including non-residential ones. Let's consider all three options for calculating thermal energy, for each of which a specific formula has been developed (posted on the website of state authorized bodies).

Option 1

So, the house is equipped with a control device, but some rooms are left without it. Here it is necessary to take into account two positions: calculating Gcal for heating an apartment, the cost of thermal energy for general house needs (GCA).

In this case, formula No. 3 is used, which is based on the readings of the general metering device, the area of ​​the house and the footage of the apartment.

Calculation example

Let's assume that the controller has recorded the house's heating costs at 300 Gcal/month (this information can be found from the receipt or by contacting the management company). For example, the total area of ​​the house, which consists of the sum of the areas of all premises (residential and non-residential), is 8000 m² (you can also find out this figure from the receipt or from the management company).

Let’s take an apartment area of ​​70 m² (indicated in the registration certificate, rental agreement or registration certificate). The last figure on which the calculation of payment for consumed heat depends is the tariff established by the authorized bodies of the Russian Federation (indicated in the receipt or find out from the house management company). Today the heating tariff is 1,400 rubles/gcal.

Substituting the data into formula No. 3, we get the following result: 300 x 70 / 8,000 x 1,400 = 1,875 rubles.

Now you can move on to the second stage of accounting for heating costs spent on the general needs of the house. Here you will need two formulas: searching for the volume of service (No. 14) and payment for the consumption of gigacalories in rubles (No. 10).

To correctly determine the volume of heating in this case, you will need to sum up the area of ​​all apartments and premises provided for common use (information is provided by the management company).

For example, we have a total area of ​​7000 m² (including apartments, offices, retail premises.).

Let's start calculating the payment for thermal energy consumption using formula No. 14: 300 x (1 – 7,000 / 8,000) x 70 / 7,000 = 0.375 Gcal.

Using formula No. 10, we get: 0.375 x 1,400 = 525, where:

• 0.375 – volume of service for heat supply;
• 1400 rub. – tariff;
• 525 rub. - amount of payment.

We sum up the results (1875 + 525) and find out that the payment for heat consumption will be 2350 rubles.

Option 2

Now we will calculate payments in conditions where the house is equipped with a common heating meter, and some of the apartments are also equipped with individual meters. As in the previous case, the calculation will be carried out according to two positions (thermal energy consumption for housing and ODN).

We will need formula No. 1 and No. 2 (accrual rules according to controller readings or taking into account heat consumption standards for residential premises in Gcal). Calculations will be carried out relative to the area of ​​the residential building and apartment from the previous version.

• 1.3 gigacalories – individual meter readings;
• RUR 1,1820 – approved tariff.

• 0.025 Gcal – standard indicator of heat consumption per 1 m² of area in an apartment;
• 70 m² – square footage of the apartment;
• 1,400 rub. – tariff for thermal energy.

As it becomes clear, with this option, the payment amount will depend on the availability of a metering device in your apartment.

Formula No. 13: (300 – 12 – 7,000 x 0.025 – 9 – 30) x 75 / 8,000 = 1.425 gcal, where:

• 300 gcal – readings of the common house meter;
• 12 Gcal – the amount of thermal energy used to heat non-residential premises;
• 6,000 m² – the sum of the area of ​​all residential premises;
• 0.025 – standard (heat energy consumption for apartments);
• 9 Gcal – the sum of indicators from the meters of all apartments that are equipped with metering devices;
• 35 Gcal – the amount of heat spent on supplying hot water in the absence of a centralized supply;
• 70 m² – apartment area;
• 8,000 m² – total area (all residential and non-residential premises in the house).

Please note that this option only includes the actual volumes of energy consumed and if your home is equipped with a centralized hot water supply, then the amount of heat expended for hot water supply needs is not taken into account. The same applies to non-residential premises: if they are not in the house, then they will not be included in the calculation.

• 1.425 gcal – amount of heat (AT);

1. 1820 + 1995 = 3,815 rubles. - with an individual counter.
2. 2,450 + 1995 = 4,445 rubles. - without an individual device.

Option 3

We have one last option left, during which we will consider the situation when the house does not have a heat meter. The calculation, as in previous cases, will be carried out according to two categories (thermal energy consumption per apartment and ADN).

We will calculate the amount for heating using formulas No. 1 and No. 2 (rules on the procedure for calculating thermal energy, taking into account the readings of individual metering devices or according to established standards for residential premises in Gcal).

Formula No. 1: 1.3 x 1,400 = 1,820 rubles, where:

• 1.3 Gcal – individual meter readings;
• 1,400 rub. – approved tariff.

Formula No. 2: 0.025 x 70 x 1,400 = 2,450 rubles, where:

• 1,400 rub. – approved tariff.

As in the second option, the payment will depend on whether your home is equipped with an individual heat meter. Now it is necessary to find out the amount of heat energy that was spent on general house needs, and this must be done according to formula No. 15 (volume of services for one-room service) and No. 10 (amount for heating).

Formula No. 15: 0.025 x 150 x 70 / 7000 = 0.0375 gcal, where:

• 0.025 Gcal – standard indicator of heat consumption per 1 m² of living space;
• 100 m² – the sum of the area of ​​premises intended for general house needs;
• 70 m² – total area of ​​the apartment;
• 7,000 m² – total area (all residential and non-residential premises).

Formula No. 10: 0.0375 x 1,400 = 52.5 rubles, where:

• 0.0375 – volume of heat (VH);
• 1400 rub. – approved tariff.

As a result of the calculations, we found out that the full payment for heating will be:

1. 1820 + 52.5 = 1872.5 rub. – with an individual counter.
2. 2450 + 52.5 = 2,502.5 rub. – without an individual meter.

In the above calculations of heating payments, data on the footage of the apartment, house, as well as meter readings were used, which may differ significantly from those that you have. All you need to do is plug in your values ​​into the formula and make the final calculation.

It is often not entirely clear how the cost of heating is formed and why for residents of, for example, a neighboring house it is significantly lower. However, the fee is always calculated according to the approved scheme. There is a certain standard for heating consumption, and it is this that is the basis for the formation of the final cost. We will tell you what you need to know about charging for heating in this article.

In this article you will learn:

• How is the heating utility service related to heating consumption standards?
• What is a “heating consumption standard”.
• How to calculate the standard heating consumption.
• How is the electricity consumption standard related to the heating utility service provided by the apartment building?

How is the heating utility service related to the heating consumption standard?

First, let's describe what is included in the concept of a heating utility service. Next, we will consider what the consumption standard established for heating is and how it is formed.

Based on Rules 354, the quality of heating is assessed taking into account changes in air temperature in the room. According to clause 5 of the Rules, the heating season begins when the average daily air temperature drops below 8 °C and this regime persists for 5 days. The main purpose of supplying heat to rooms is to heat the air to a comfortable temperature. How is heating carried out technically?

In our country today, water heating systems are often used. The coolant (usually water) is heated to a predetermined temperature and circulates through the heating system. Gradually the carrier releases heat into the room. At the same time, its temperature decreases accordingly. Heat from the coolant enters the atmosphere, as a rule, thanks to heating radiators.

There are three heat supply options:

• thermal conductivity;
• convection;
• radiation.

Thermal conductivity is the ability of hotter parts of an object to transfer heat to less heated parts with the help of chaotically moving particles (molecules, atoms). For example, when a heating radiator transfers heat to an object in contact with it.

Convection is a type of heat exchange in which internal energy is transferred by flows and jets. During convection, heat is transferred through liquid or gas, including air. Gas flows around a certain object at a temperature different from its own. When air flows over a hot radiator, it heats up. When air flows over objects with a lower temperature, it cools down accordingly. Streamlined objects heat up.

Common areas where there are no heating radiators (for example, staircases in apartment buildings) are heated mainly by convection. That is, warm air from apartments where radiators operate enters the entrances. Due to this, a normal temperature is created in them.

In radiation, thermal energy is transmitted through a visually permeable medium, such as air, transparent objects, or a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves transfer heat from a warmer to a cooler object. For example, heat from the Sun to Earth is transferred precisely by radiation. Of course, a heating radiator does not give off heat in the same volume as the Sun. An untrained observer cannot see this radiation. But thanks to special devices - thermal imagers - this process is clearly visible.

The coolant is not directly consumed during heating (at least when the heating system is functioning normally and there are no leaks). It only transfers heat into the space, creating a comfortable environment in it. Water heated in a boiler or some other device enters the heating system, circulates in it, gives off heat and cools. Then it goes through the return pipeline back to the heating device. Due to the fact that there is no heat carrier consumption, utility users do not pay for its consumption. Only the heat that the coolant releases into the space of heated apartments is paid for.

The generally accepted unit of measurement of thermal energy according to the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). MKD premises consume two types of energy:

• thermal;
• electric.

As noted above, energy is measured in joules (J). But “kilowatt-hours” (kW⋅h) are used to denote electricity, and gigacalories (Gcal) are used to denote thermal energy.

Calorie (kal) as a unit of measurement is used in various areas in calculations, for example, if you need to determine the consumption of thermal energy in residential buildings and apartments in multi-family houses. A calorie is an off-system unit equal to 4.1868 J. This is exactly the amount of thermal energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C.

The calorie was first used as a unit of measurement to calculate the heat content of water. In the housing and communal services sector, calories are used precisely for this purpose. The coolant in water heating systems is usually water.

Joules can be used to measure heat energy, like other energy. But, if the thermal energy consumed in residential buildings and apartment buildings is calculated, calories are used.

To heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C, you need 1 calorie. Accordingly, to heat 1 ton of water (1 million grams) by 1 °C, 1 million kcal, or 1 Mcal (megacalorie) is required. For example, to heat 1 cubic meter of water (1 ton) to a temperature of 0-60 °C, you need 60 Mcalories (megacalories), or 0.06 (0.060) gigacalories (Gcal). That is, to heat 100 cubic meters of water to a temperature of 0-60 °C, you need 6 Gcal. Note that 60 degrees is the DHW limit for residents of residential buildings and apartment buildings.

Large volumes of coolant circulate in MKD heating systems. That is why calculations are carried out in Gcal (1 Gcal equals 1 billion cal).

What is the heating consumption standard from a physical point of view?

Russian legislation considers MKD when calculating energy consumption for heating as a single whole. An apartment building acts as an indivisible technical object, consuming thermal energy to heat all the rooms in it. In this regard, when making calculations between a resource-saving organization and a utility service provider, it is very important how much heat energy the MKD used as a whole.

There are Rules for establishing and determining standards for the consumption of utility services, approved by Government Decree No. 306 dated May 23, 2006. In accordance with them, the standard for heating consumption per year is first calculated in MKD (clause 19 of Appendix 1 to Rules 306, formula 19) .

When calculating the heating consumption standard per month, a year is used as the calculation period. Indicators in different months, of course, differ, and the payment for heating consumption standards should be either the same throughout the entire heating season, or even throughout the calendar year. It all depends on what method of payment for heating operates in the Russian region.

The MKD includes residential and non-residential premises, as well as common property belonging to all owners of objects in the house on the right of common ownership. All the thermal energy supplied to the MKD is consumed by them. Accordingly, the owners must pay for heating. But the question arises: how should the cost of the service provided be distributed among all subscribers? Is there a standard for heating consumption for general house needs?

The amount of payment for heating is distributed quite reasonably. It all depends on the footage of each apartment or non-residential premises (according to Rules 354 and 306).

How to calculate thermal energy consumption standards for heating

Heating consumption standards are approved by authorized local authorities. Most often, this is the responsibility of energy commissions in the regions.

The type of house determines the heating consumption standard. The standard is valid for at least three years and usually does not change during this period. You can appeal the decision to set heating consumption standards in court.

CG consumption standards are formed by three methods: expert, calculated and the method of analogues. Authorized bodies have the right to use one method or combine several.

If specialists use the analogue and expert method, the heating consumption standard is formed on the basis of monitoring the heat consumption in residential buildings and apartment buildings with approximately the same construction and technical characteristics, number of residents and level of improvement. The basis here is the indicators of collective counters.

The calculation method is used if it is impossible to obtain meter readings, or the data from collective metering devices is insufficient to use the analogue method, or there is no information to use the expert method.

Each region sets its own standards for thermal energy consumption for heating. When forming it, technological losses are taken into account. At the same time, the costs of utility resources resulting from improper operation of utilities and equipment in a residential building or apartment building, incorrect application of the rules for the operation of residential premises and the maintenance of common property in apartment buildings are not taken into account.

Standard heating consumption per sq. m is the heat energy consumption at which a normal temperature is maintained in the room. To calculate the standard heating consumption (Gcal per 1 m2 per month), use the formula:

N = Q/S*12

Q here is the total heat energy consumption for heating premises in an apartment building or residential building. Q is the sum of meter readings for the heating season (Gcal), S is the total footage of premises in a residential building or apartment building (m 2).

• Room temperature standards.

There are Rules for the provision of public services to the population, approved by decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to them, the air temperature in residential premises should not be less than 18 °C and 20 °C for corner rooms.

The temperature regime in residential buildings is determined by GOST R 51617-2000 “Housing and communal services. General technical conditions”, approved by Decree of the State Standard of Russia 158-st dated June 19, 2000 and SanPIN 2.1.2.1002-00.

GOST recognizes the following temperature conditions for residential premises as optimal:

• 20 °C for corner rooms;
• 20 °C for buildings in the first year of operation;
• 18 °C for living rooms;
• 18 °C for kitchens;
• 25 °C for bathrooms;
• 16 °C for staircases and lobbies.

According to SanPIN, the following temperature standards are considered optimal and permitted in residential premises:

The temperature regime for DHW is also set at 50–70 °C.

Calculate heating consumption standards as accurately as possible

According to the Rules, when setting utility consumption standards, the analogue method and the calculation method should be used.

The analogue method is used if there is data obtained from meters in houses with similar technical characteristics and design parameters, level of improvement, and also located in similar climatic zones. The analogue method allows us to obtain reliable information only regarding energy consumption and water consumption, despite the fact that the owners of premises in apartment buildings wash dishes, take showers and baths, use lighting and energy-consuming appliances in different ways. When calculating the consumption standard for heating utilities, this method cannot be used, at least with the use of communal meters. As for individual meters, there is no practical experience in this matter yet.

A common building meter at the entrance to the building records the amount of heat consumption for heating. But this does not mean that this volume of thermal energy is optimal for residents. For example, in Moscow along Obruchev Street there are 8 identical houses of the P-18 series - 01/12. As part of the overhaul, they replaced old windows with more energy-intensive new ones, insulated the facades, installed automated heating system control units and thermostats on heating devices. At the same time, in two buildings, among other things, heat distributors for apartment-by-apartment heat energy metering were installed. During the heating season 2010–2011. The average specific heat energy consumption was 190 kWh/m2. Moreover, during the previous period in one house the indicator was 99 kWh/m2. A significant improvement in performance could be achieved by optimizing the temperature schedule of heat energy supply for heating.

To calculate the heating consumption standard, it is recommended to use only the calculation method. But formula 9 proposed by the Rules is incorrect. According to it, the heating load changes with the outside temperature:

QO= q o.max (t in – t n.sro)/(t in – t n.ro) · 24 n o · 10 –6, Gcal/h

q o.max - standard heat energy consumption for heating a residential building or apartment building (kcal/hour); t in - temperature of heated objects in the house, °C; t n.sro - average daily outside air temperature during the heating season, °C; t n.r.o - design temperature of outside air when designing heating, °C; n o - the duration of the heating season at an average daily outside temperature of 8 °C or less. 24 are the hours in a day, and 10 –6 are the conversion factors from kcal to Gcal.

If we take into account the heat balance of the living space, the estimated hourly heating load will be equal to:

qo.max= q ogr q inf – q life,

q limit - heat losses through external fences; q inf - heat losses for heating the infiltrating air through the external fences; q everyday life - household heat emissions from people, artificial lighting, the use of household appliances, cooking, washing dishes, hot water pipes installed inside apartments, as well as heat input from scattered radiation.

When the temperature outside rises or falls, only the first two components of the heat balance change. Household heat emissions remain unchanged throughout the heating season. The outside temperature does not affect them. In this regard, the correct version of the formula looks like this:

QO= [(q o.max q life) (t inn – t n.sro)/(t inn –E t n.ro) – q life ] 24 n o 10 –6 ,

If household heat emissions are designated as fractions of the estimated hourly heating load and taken out q o.max in square brackets, the formula will be:

QO= q o.max · [(1 q life /q o.max) · (t in – t n.sro)/(t in – t n.ro) – q life /q o.max ] · 24 n o · 10 –6 .

Household heat output in the heat balance remains constant with respect to the estimated hourly heating load for a particular home. However, the proportion of heat emissions increases if the outside air temperature increases. Due to the increase in outside temperature, the heat supply for heating the room may be reduced. Temperature graphs of the coolant in the supply and return pipelines of the heating system should converge not at t n = t in = 18...20 °C, as was the case when using the formula given in the Rules, and when t n = 10...15 °C, in accordance with other formulas given.

It should be noted that the schedule for qualitative regulation of the source, built without taking into account the increasing share of household heat emissions in the heat balance of the house with an increase in outside air temperature, is contrary to the standards. In this regard, every residential building must have automated heating system control units. If the connection is dependent, the movement of the corrective mixing pumps should be carried out not only during the cut-off of the central adjustment schedule, but also throughout almost the entire period, provided that the outside air temperature exceeds the “A” parameters.

The share of household heat emissions is a constant value of the calculated hourly load on the heating system for an individual house. This share for another residential property increases with increased thermal protection or with the use of heat recovery from exhaust air to heat the supply air. If it is intended to build a house with similar technical characteristics and design, but in a region with a cooler climate, the share of household heat emissions in the heating design will be less. If construction is planned in an area with a higher design outside temperature, the share will be higher.

In this regard, Table 7 of the Rules, which indicates the standard for heat energy consumption for heating a residential building and apartment building, cannot be called correct. When determining the values, the changing shares of household heat releases in relation to the calculated hourly heating load in different Russian regions are not taken into account. It is also not taken into account that in the future, on the basis of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011, the energy efficiency of buildings will increase.

We will not take into account the values ​​of specific heat energy consumption for heating houses built before 1995 and after 2000 with different numbers of floors in regions with a design outdoor temperature for heating design from -5 degrees to -55 degrees. Let us identify the same values ​​for buildings in the period 2011–2016. taking into account the requirements to increase their energy efficiency, as well as for buildings where major reconstruction was carried out at the same time, and compare them with the requirements of 2000 (based on Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011)

By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 262 dated May 28, 2010, along with an increase in energy efficiency, the standardized heat transfer resistance of external walls, coatings and ceilings increased to the level of the table. 4 SNiP 23–02–2003, windows from 2011 to the value R F = 0.8 m 2 °C/W for areas with a degree-day value of more than 4,000 and 0.55 m 2 °C/W for the rest, and from 2016 - no less R F = 1.0 m 2 °C/W also for areas above 4,000 °C day. and 0.8 m 2 °C/W - for the rest.

For the calculations, we will take as a basis a nine-story residential building being built in central Russia. The estimated outside air temperature there is –25 degrees, and the degree-day value is 5000. In accordance with the standards for 2000, the reduced heat transfer resistance of the main external wall enclosures R w = 3.15 m 2 °C/W, windows R F = 0.54 m 2 ·°C/W, calculated air exchange with an occupancy of 20 m 2 of total apartment area per person = 30 m 3 /(h·person), specific value of household heat release 17 W/m 2 square meters of living rooms.

This is what the heat balance of a house looks like. A building loses 20–23% of heat through walls, 4–6% through coverings and ceilings, 25–28% through windows, and 40–50% through air infiltration. The relative percentage of household heat emissions from the calculated heat losses is 18–20%. The estimated heat consumption for heating a house in relation to the estimated heat loss in 2000 will be when solving the heat balance equation: o.max 2000 = 0.215 0.05 0.265 0.47 – 0.19 = 0.81. Percentage of household heat emissions from the estimated heat consumption for heating q everyday life / q o.max = 0.19·100/0.81 = 23.5%.

How do relative heat losses through windows and walls of a building change when their thermal protection increases?

To understand how the calculated thermal energy consumption for heating changes with increasing resistance to heat transfer of external fences, let's look at Fig. 1. The figure shows that when the heat transfer resistance of the walls increases by 15% from 3.15 to 3.6 m 2 °C/W, the relative heat loss through the walls decreases from 0.302 to 0.265 units or is equal to 0.265/0.302 = 0.877 from the previous value. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 0.8 instead of 0.54 m 2 °C/W, heat consumption is reduced by 0.425/0.63 = 0.675 compared to the previous indicator.

If we consider the reduction of heat loss through coverings and ceilings, as through walls, and the relative heat loss for heating the infiltration air, as before, the heat balance equation for a house built since 2011 will be as follows:

Qht.max 2011 = (0.215 0.05) 0.877 0.265 0.675 0.47 = 0.232 0.179 0.47 = 0.881.

The relative estimated heat energy costs for heating are equal to Qht.max 2011 = 0.881 – 0.19 = 0.691, and the heating consumption standard for 2011 will be reduced compared to 2000: 0.691/0.81 = 0.853 (decreased by 14. 7%, due to an increase in the heat transfer resistance of walls, coatings, floors by 15% and windows from 0.54 to 0.8 m 2 °C/W), and in absolute value at the value in 2000 q o.max = 50 m 2 °C/W converted to kcal/h: 50 0.853/1.163 = 36.6 kcal/(h m 2).

The reduced heat transfer resistance of walls will increase by another 15% in 2016 compared to 2011. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 1.0 instead of 0.8 m2 °C/W, heat losses will decrease by 0.34/0.425 = 0 ,8. The indicator of relative total heat losses in a 9-story building in 2016 will be:

Q ht.max 2016 = 0.232·0.887 0.179·0.8 0.47 = 0.206 0.143 0.47 = 0.82.

Relative calculated heat losses for heatingQ ht.max 2016 = 0.82 – 0.19 = 0.63. The decrease in the standardized specific indicator in 2016 compared to 2000 is 0.63/0.81 = 0.778. The heat transfer resistance of walls, coatings, ceilings increased by only 30% and windows by up to 1.0 m2 °C/W. Due to this, heat consumption for space heating decreased by 22.2%, including from 2016 - by 22.2–14.7 = 7.5%), and in absolute value: q o.max = 50·0.778/1.163 = 33.4 kcal/(h m 2). This is how the components of heat loss in a nine-story residential building will correlate in 2016. 25% of the heat will be lost through walls, coverings and ceilings (0.206·100/0.82), through windows 0.143·100/0.82 = 17% (in 2000 these parameters were identical to each other - 26.5%) , for heating the infiltrated air in the standard quantity: 0.47·100/0.82 = 58% (in 2000 - 47%). The percentage of household heat emissions in relation to the calculated heat losses for heating will be 0.19·100/0.63 = 30% (in 2000 - 23.5%).

Let us calculate, in the same ratio as for 2000, the indicators of heat consumption for heating houses with different numbers of floors, but for areas with different calculated temperature parameters of the outside air. Below is a table with the calculation results belonging to SNiP “Heat Networks”. Thanks to the table, you can determine what power the heat supply source has and what the diameter of the pipes used in heating networks is.

It is impossible to calculate the standard for individual space heating consumption using this table. The parameters of the calculated losses do not reflect the degree of optimization of the automatic regulation of the supply of thermal energy for heating.

Specific indicators of the estimated heat consumption for heating apartment buildings and residential buildings per 1 m 2 of the total area of ​​apartments, q o.max, kcal/(h m 2)

Number of storeys residential buildings Estimated outside air temperature for heating design, t n, °С For buildings built before 1995 1–3 floors freestanding 2–3 floors interlocked 4–6 floors brick 4–6 floors panel 7–10 floors brick 7–10 floors panel For buildings constructed after 2000 1–3 floors freestanding 2–3 floors interlocked For buildings constructed after 2010 1–3 floors freestanding 2–3 floors interlocked For buildings constructed after 2015 1–3 floors freestanding 2–3 floors interlocked

How is the heating consumption standard for non-residential premises calculated?

Based on paragraph 20 of the Rules for the provision of public utility services to the population, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 No. 307, if meters for hot water and hot water, electricity, heat and gas are not installed in non-residential premises of apartment buildings, the amount of payment for housing and communal services is calculated according to the standards established by Russian legislation, as well as taking into account the amount of resources consumed.

The volumes of consumed utility resources are determined as follows:

• for cold water supply and hot water supply - using the calculation method. Water consumption standards are used as a basis. If they are not there, the requirements and rules of building codes;
• for wastewater - as the total volume of hot and cold water consumed;
• for gas and electricity - using the calculation method. The calculation scheme must be agreed upon between the resource supplying organization and the person with whom the organization has entered into an agreement. The basis for the calculation is the power and operating mode of consuming devices installed at the facility;
• for heating - in accordance with clause. 1 of paragraph 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules [note: according to the consumption standard in Gcal/sq.m., i.e. calculation is the same as for apartments]. At the same time, the contractor needs to adjust the amount of payment for heating once a year. The adjustment procedure is described in subsection. 2 clause 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules.

In other situations, the volumes of heat energy consumed in non-residential premises, including non-residential facilities that are not part of the apartment building and are located separately, are calculated according to the Methodology for determining the need for fuel, electricity and water in the production and transmission of heat energy and coolants in the municipal heat supply systems of the apartment building. The methodology was approved by the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation on August 12, 2003. For calculations, the Methodology for determining the amount of thermal energy and coolant in municipal heating water systems MDS 41-4.2000, approved by order of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2000 No. 105, is also used.

Due to the fact that the legislative wording is very ambiguous, how the issue for the user of utility services will be resolved in practice is determined by the position of the energy saving organization, the executor (Criminal Code, HOA), the arguments of the participants and judicial practice.

How is the standard for electricity consumption for heating related to the heating utility service provided by MKD?

Before the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation was adopted, in the period from 1999 to 2005. The current legislation allowed turning off central heating in a separate residential building of an apartment building and heating it with electricity. Since centralized heating in houses did not always function well, a significant proportion of the population, having completed all the technical documents, began to use electric batteries.

The payment for heating in an apartment building was calculated as follows. Owners of apartments where centralized heating operated paid for the service in accordance with consumption standards. Citizens who used apartment heating did not pay for the service, as they did not receive a receipt for it. All this was in accordance with the principles reflected in Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation - “reasonableness and fairness”. However, in 2003–2013. everything has changed (table).

Formation of the payment amount for heating in the Murmansk region municipality

Conditions	A period of time
	Before 2006
Grounds	There was a uniform standard for heating throughout the region	Heating standards were in effect, approved by local authorities	The subject introduced new standards for heating, highlighting the standard for common property	Standards for common property have been canceled	Valid Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 23, 2006 No. 307
MKD without a common house metering device, premises without a metering device	Р i = S i x Nоt x Тт. Adjustment by year with new tariff	P i = S i x Nt x Tt. Adjustment by year	P i = S i x Ntot x TT Podn = Ntotal x Soi x S i /Sob. Adjustment canceled	P i = S i x Nt x Tt. Adjustment canceled	P i = S i x Nt x Tt. Adjustment canceled
The apartment building is equipped with a common house meter, the room does not have a meter	P i = Vd x S i /Stotal x Tt. Based on consumption	Р i = S i x V i x Тт. On average monthly adjusted by year	P i = Vd x S i /Sd x Tt. Based on consumption	Р i = Vд x S i / Stotal x Tt. Based on consumption	Р i = S i x V i x Тт. On average monthly with adjusted whatever year

Difficulties with paying for heat arose when communal meters were installed in the apartment complex. The payment amount began to consist of two components: for heating residential or non-residential premises and the common areas in the house.

As a result, starting from 2013 to this day, in a number of Russian regions (for example, in the Kirov and Murmansk regions), where there are premises in apartment buildings heated by electricity, in accordance with the legislative transfer to this type of heating, the owners of these premises continue to be charged receipts for payment for centralized heating services (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of distribution of thermal energy for heating house No. 11 on the street. Sovetskaya city of Kandalaksha (version of the State Housing Institution of the Murmansk region):

• 59.07 Gcal / 2617 sq. m = 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 36.06 Gcal.
• 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m x 206.5 sq. m = 4.66 Gcal.
• 4.66 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m x 812.8 sq. m = 1.57 Gcal.
• 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 3.09 Gcal.

At the same time, regional authorities insist that owners switch back to centralized heating. But they forget that the law is not retroactive.

Formula 3 from Appendix 2 of the Rules testifies to the fact that the actions are lawful. In accordance with it, areas heated by electricity are not excluded from the payment scheme for centralized heating services.

At the same time, on March 12, 2015, a meeting of the working group was held dedicated to the formation of payments for centralized heating for owners of residential premises with electric batteries (the working group was ordered to be created by the governor of the Murmansk region). The minutes of the meeting included a recommendation to the administrations of all municipalities in the Murmansk region to inform the owners that residential premises should be switched to centralized heating. However, it is unclear how this relates to the provision that the law has no retroactive effect.

It turns out that today the essence of conflicts between interested parties is as follows:

• heat supply companies want owners to pay for services not provided;
• owners of residential properties do not intend to pay for services not provided.

In a number of Russian regions today (for example, in the Bryansk and Arkhangelsk regions, Stavropol Territory) the situation is somewhat different. Formula 3 of Appendix 2 of the Rules is used taking into account the ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2015 No. AKPI15-198. At the same time, in these regions, the issue related to payment for heating is resolved on the basis of Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, including its main provisions - reasonableness and fairness.

Possibility of solving the problem

The main element confirming that the owner of the property receives a central heating utility service is the radiator battery. It is part of the central heating system, since it is connected to it, and maintains the required temperature in the home. The premises of an apartment building, heated by electricity, are not equipped with these elements. Accordingly, according to the law, there is no heating service.

Below are parts of the MKD, which serve as evidence that the owners of non-residential and residential premises, where heating is supplied through electric heating, are required to pay part of the utilities:

• staircases (common property of all owners of apartment buildings);
• heating risers that pass through the residential and non-residential areas of the owners, where electric heating operates.

A number of problems remain to be resolved. Among them:

• As the owners of objects where electric heating is used, they must pay for heating spent on common property, what is the standard for heating consumption for common house needs.
• How to pay for the heat energy emitted by heating system risers passing through electrically heated objects.

The expert council of the public control system in the housing and communal services sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region has developed a number of proposals for the formation of the amount of payment for heating in apartment buildings with residential premises with electric batteries (Fig. 2, 3).

Rice. 2. The diagram shows how heat energy is distributed to heat house No. 11 on Sovetskaya Street in Kandalaksha (presented by the expert council of the public control system in the housing and communal services sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region):

• 0.1712 Gcal/month - heat energy losses from the supply and return risers (average value), which pass through residential buildings. For the calculations, the instruction of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated December 30, 2008 No. 325 was used.
• 8 sq. x 0.1712 Gcal = 1.3696 Gcal.
• 59.07 Gcal - 1.3696 Gcal = 57.70 Gcal.
• 57.7 Gcal / 1804.2 sq. m = 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 51.09 Gcal.
• 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m x 206.5 sq. m = 6.6 Gcal.
• 6.6 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m x 812.8 sq. m = 2.227 Gcal.
• 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 4.38 Gcal.

Rice. 3. Payment scheme for central heating by owners of properties where electric heating is used.

In this case you can:

• Use the heating consumption standard for general house needs (analogue, according to Article 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).
• Install heat meters on heating risers of common property.
• Apply the instrument-calculation method for the volume of heat energy emitted by heating risers.

In the given diagrams, the positions of the parties are justified and fair:

• the heat supply organization is interested in selling heating services and receiving payment for it;
• property owners want to receive high-quality heating utility services and pay for it.

Alas, the proposals put forward by the expert council of public control in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region will not even be considered. At the same time, owners of objects heated by electricity, as before, receive bills for double payment for heating services. The same problem was found in the Crimea in the city of Krasnoperekopsk. It should be decided directly by the Government of the country.

To determine the estimated heat consumption for heating a building, you can use the formula

Q = q from * V building (t in – t in) * 10 -3, kW,

where q from is the specific thermal characteristic of the building, W/m 3 o C

V building – total external volume of the building, m 3.

The specific thermal characteristic of a building is found by the formula

q from = P/S  1/Rst + ρ (1/Rok – 1/Rst)] + 1/h (0.9 *1/Rpl + 0.6 *1/Rpt) ,

where P, S, h - perimeter, area, height of the building, m

ρ – degree of glazing of the building, equal to the ratio of the total area of ​​light openings to the area of ​​the vertical fences of the building, ρ = F rest / Fvert. limit.

Rst, Rok, Rpl, Rpt - resistance to heat transfer of walls, windows, floors, ceilings.

The value of the specific thermal characteristic determines the average heat loss of 1 m 3 of the building, related to the calculated temperature difference equal to 1 o C.

Characteristic q is convenient to use for thermotechnical assessment of possible structural and planning solutions for a building.

Based on the calculated heat consumption, a heating system boiler is selected (Appendix 1) and installed in the boiler room, taking into account design standards (Appendix 2).

3. Thermal balance of premises

In buildings and rooms with a constant thermal regime, heat losses and heat gains are compared in the design mode. For residential and public buildings, it is assumed that there are no heat sources in the premises, and the thermal power of the heating system must compensate for heat losses through external enclosures.

Heat loss through the building envelope consists of heat loss through individual enclosures Q, determined rounded to 10 W using the formula:

Q = F * 1/R *(t in – t in) * (1 + β) * n W, where

F – estimated area of ​​the fence, m 2 (for the rules for measuring fences, see Appendix 3)

R – heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structure, m 2 o C/W

t indoor – room temperature, 0 C

t n V – calculated outside temperature of the coldest five-day period, 0 C

β – additional heat losses in fractions of the main losses,

n – coefficient taken depending on the position of the outer surface of the enclosing structures to the outside air

Heat loss calculations are summarized in a table (see Appendix 4)

Additional heat loss β

1. Orientation Additive – for all vertical railings

N, NE, E, NW - 0.1

2. The addition in the corner rooms of public and industrial buildings (having two or more external walls) is accepted for all vertical fences in the amount of β = 0.15.

3. Addition for the supply of cold air through the entrances to the building (continuously operated) is taken

for double doors with a vestibule between them 0.27 N

the same without vestibule 0.34 N

for single doors 0.22 N

where H is the height of the building in m.

Coefficient n values

Walling
Exterior walls
Floors over cold basements communicating with outside air, attic floors
Ceilings over unheated basements with light openings in the walls
Ceilings over unheated basements without light openings in the walls
Walls separating unheated rooms that communicate with outside air
Walls separating unheated rooms that do not communicate with outside air

The question of calculating the amount of payment for heating is very important, since consumers often receive quite impressive amounts for this utility service, at the same time having no idea how the calculation was made.

Since 2012, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 No. 354 “On the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings” came into force, the procedure for calculating the amount of heating fees has undergone a number of changes.

Calculation methods changed several times, heating provided for general house needs appeared, which was calculated separately from heating provided in residential premises (apartments) and non-residential premises, but then, in 2013, heating again began to be calculated as a single utility service without splitting the fee.

The calculation of the heating fee has changed since 2017, and in 2019 the calculation procedure changed again; new formulas for calculating the heating fee have appeared, which are not so easy for an ordinary consumer to understand.

So, let's sort it out in order.

In order to calculate the heating fee for your apartment and choose the necessary calculation formula, you must first know:

1. Does your house have a centralized heating system?

This means whether the thermal energy for heating needs in your apartment building is supplied ready-made using centralized systems, or whether the thermal energy for your home is produced independently using equipment that is part of the common property of the owners of the premises in the apartment building.

2. Is your apartment building equipped with a common building (collective) metering device and are there individual heat energy metering devices in the residential and non-residential premises of your building?

The presence or absence of a common house (collective) metering device in the house and individual metering devices in the premises of your home significantly affects the method of calculating the amount of heating fees.

3. How are you charged for heating – during the heating period or evenly throughout the calendar year?

The method of payment for utility heating services is accepted by government authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. That is, in different regions of our country, heating fees may be charged differently - throughout the year or only during the heating season, when the service is actually provided.

4. Are there any rooms in your house that do not have heating devices (radiators, radiators), or that have their own sources of thermal energy?

Since 2019, in connection with court decisions, the trials for which took place in 2018, the calculation began to include premises in which there are no heating devices (radiators, radiators), which is provided for in the technical documentation for the house, or residential and non-residential premises, the reconstruction of which , providing for the installation of individual sources of thermal energy, was carried out in accordance with the requirements for reconstruction established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in force at the time of such reconstruction. Let us remind you that previously the methods for calculating the amount of heating fees did not provide for a separate calculation for such premises, so the charges were calculated on a general basis.

In order to make the information on calculating the heating fee more understandable, we will consider each method of charging separately, using one or another calculation formula using a specific example.

When choosing a calculation option, you must pay attention to all the components that determine the calculation methodology.

Below are various calculation options, taking into account individual factors that determine the choice of calculating the heating fee:

Calculation No. 1: Amount of heating fee in residential/non-residential premises during the heating season.

Calculation No. 2: Amount of heating fee in residential/non-residential premises, there is no administrative budget for an apartment building, the amount of the fee is calculated during the calendar year(12 months).
Read about the procedure and example of calculation →

Calculation No. 3: Amount of heating fee in residential/non-residential premises, an ODPU is installed on an apartment building, There are no individual metering devices in all residential/non-residential premises.